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Shen Kuo (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengxi Weng, was a Han Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman of the Song dynasty (960–1279).<br/><br/> Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, poet, and musician.<br/><br/> He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality.